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解決方案產(chǎn)品技術(shù) 新聞動(dòng)態(tài)

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析

2021/09/26 分類:行業(yè)論壇 2484

隨著我國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展和公路橋梁建設(shè)步伐的加快，公路橋梁工程也出現(xiàn)了一系列的質(zhì)量事故，直接關(guān)系到人民的財(cái)產(chǎn)安全，成為人們關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn) 預(yù)制裝配公路橋梁施工單位應(yīng)該對(duì)此高度重視。橋梁樁基施工的隱蔽性要求在橋梁樁基的施工中，不僅要依靠先進(jìn)的科學(xué)技術(shù)進(jìn)行施工，還要根據(jù)豐富的施工經(jīng)驗(yàn)對(duì)在施工中出現(xiàn)的問(wèn)題及時(shí)進(jìn)行處理，避免工程質(zhì)量事故的發(fā)生。根據(jù)工程具體地質(zhì)情況，樁基施工一般采用挖空樁施工。不易挖空的地質(zhì)，采用鉆孔灌注樁施工。由于橋梁工程中鉆孔灌注樁是隱蔽工程，大部分工作在水下進(jìn)行，施工質(zhì)量檢驗(yàn)困難重重。所以，橋梁工程中鉆孔樁施工技術(shù)討論具有十分重要的意義

樁基由若干根樁和樁頂承臺(tái)組成，是一?種常用的深基礎(chǔ)。當(dāng)墩臺(tái)位置處的軟弱?覆蓋層較厚、持力巖層較深時(shí)，樁基可?穿過(guò)軟弱層支承于撐力巖層上。橋梁樁?基礎(chǔ)大多采用鋼筋混凝土樁。

按受力形式樁基可分為端承樁和摩擦樁，前者承載力主要由樁底巖層提供，后者由樁身穿過(guò)土層的豎向摩擦力提供。
樁基施工方法可分為兩大類：灌注樁和沉入樁。

灌注樁施工是先用人工或機(jī)械在土中做成樁孔，然后再把樁身鋼筋籠放入樁孔中，向孔中灌注混凝土而成樁，最后在樁頂澆筑系梁或承臺(tái)。若用人工開(kāi)挖樁孔則稱為挖孔樁，若用機(jī)械挖孔稱為鉆孔樁。
鉆孔樁成孔方法主要有：旋挖鉆機(jī)成孔、正反循環(huán)鉆機(jī)成孔、套管鉆機(jī)成孔、沖擊鉆機(jī)成孔等。

灌注樁施工是先用人工或機(jī)械在土中做成樁孔，然后?再把樁身鋼筋籠放入樁孔中，向孔中灌注混凝土而成樁，最后在樁頂澆筑系梁或承臺(tái)。若用人工開(kāi)挖樁孔則稱為挖孔樁，若用機(jī)械挖孔稱為鉆孔樁。

鉆孔樁成孔方法主要有：旋挖鉆機(jī)成孔、正反循環(huán)鉆機(jī)成孔、套管鉆機(jī)成孔、沖擊鉆機(jī)成孔等。

旋挖鉆機(jī)成孔?：是由鉆桿帶動(dòng)鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)，?動(dòng)力鉆頭正轉(zhuǎn)可低速鉆進(jìn)，反轉(zhuǎn)高速甩土，鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)將土或砂粒切成碴土，然后快速提出孔外。該法可實(shí)現(xiàn)干法施工，不需用泥漿出碴，環(huán)保性良好，適用于黏土、粉土、砂土、淤泥質(zhì)土以及部分卵石碎石地層等。

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖1

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖2

沖擊鉆機(jī)成孔?：沖擊鉆機(jī)是用卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)等設(shè)備將帶刃的重鉆頭或沖抓提高，然后放開(kāi)卷?yè)P(yáng)機(jī)，鉆頭落下，切削壓碎孔底巖土。可以把鉆頭提出孔口后用出碴筒出碴，亦可用泥漿循環(huán)法出碴。沖擊鉆孔適用范圍較廣，黏土、粉砂、卵石層均適用。

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖3

套管鉆機(jī)成孔?：是在鉆孔的同時(shí)，用機(jī)械晃動(dòng)壓入一鋼制套管?。套管作用是防坍孔，孔中用重錘式抓斗機(jī)除土。成孔后放入鋼筋籠，然后在灌注樁身砼時(shí)，逐步將套管拔出。套管鉆孔法適用于非巖層的履蓋土層中，對(duì)坍孔防護(hù)作用好，可在已有建筑附近施工。

工作程序

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖4

正反循環(huán)鉆機(jī)成孔?：依靠鉆頭旋轉(zhuǎn)鉆進(jìn)，用泥漿循環(huán)進(jìn)出鉆孔浮起并將鉆碴帶出鉆孔實(shí)現(xiàn)出碴。按照泥漿循環(huán)方法可分為：正循環(huán)和反循環(huán)兩種。反循環(huán)比正循環(huán)法出碴效率高。

泥漿同時(shí)起到護(hù)壁（平衡孔內(nèi)水壓力），防止坍孔和浮?碴的作用。泥漿由黏土或膨脹土加外加劑組成，泥漿比重一般在1.1~1.3間。

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖5

橋址處地質(zhì)條件為粉、細(xì)、中、粗砂層及少量砂礫層。橋梁基礎(chǔ)為混凝土鉆孔灌注樁，每橋墩為4根φ3.0m鉆孔樁，橫橋向樁距10.0m，順橋向樁距9.0m，樁長(zhǎng)91.0m?？紤]到雨季時(shí)河床沖刷嚴(yán)重，鉆孔樁上部有鋼護(hù)筒，橋墩樁鋼護(hù)

筒設(shè)計(jì)為直徑φ3.0m，護(hù)筒長(zhǎng)52m。

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖6

特點(diǎn)：

從永久鋼護(hù)筒底口鉆孔開(kāi)始至混凝土填充至永久鋼護(hù)?筒底口不得超過(guò)73小時(shí)（39m樁長(zhǎng)）。孔底沉碴厚度：孔底至少50%橫截面上沉碴厚度<15mm，孔底截面任何位置沉碴厚度≯40mm。樁底壓漿：為了鋼筋籠底部的壓漿管路盡可能貼近孔底而又不被損壞，在鋼筋籠底部安裝有觸底指示燈開(kāi)關(guān)。

施工流程1

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖7

施工流程2

橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析插圖8

本文出處：[橋梁樁基施工]橋梁樁基施工技術(shù)圖文解析，僅此一文！ – 土木在線，土木在線幫助工程師成長(zhǎng)，https://bbs.co188.com/thread-10197780-1-1.html

上一篇: 蘭州中川國(guó)際機(jī)場(chǎng)交通樞紐項(xiàng)目，鋼筋籠采用雙螺套連接技術(shù)。下一篇: 橋梁施工怎么做？

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